Two approaches to globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two approaches to globalization - Essay Example From the foregoing discussion, one might expect that their products should not have successful. What happened, however, was entirely unexpected. The performance of Starbucks has become legendary. In just 20 years, the Seattle company has grown from 18 coffee shops to thousands making it a leading global brand.2 Starbucks hardly advertises but has experienced 20% bump in global brand value. According to the company fact sheet, as of November 2006, Starbucks had 7,102 company-operated outlets worldwide: 5,668 of them in the United States and 1,434 in other countries and U.S. territories. In addition, the company has 5,338 joint-venture and licensed outlets, 3,168 of them in the United States and 2,170 in other countries and U.S. territories. This brings the total locations (as of November, 2006) to 12,440 worldwide. The number of weekly customers is 30 million.3 The Roddicks' first Body Shop opened on March 26, 1976 in Brighton, United Kingdom with only about 25 natural handmade products. The rights to the name of the firm was bought from a San Francisco beauty store which still remains today as The Body Time.

Mission Statement and Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mission Statement and Marketing Research - Essay Example well elaborated example is the Sharp Healthcare’s mission, â€Å"our mission is to improve the health of those we serve with a commitment to excellence in all that we do and our goal is to offer quality care and programs that set community standards, exceed patients’ expectations and are provided in a caring, convenient, cost-effective and accessible manner. This clearly gives a historical and dream purpose of the organization and its value structure and it explains that their existence is mainly to improve health in the society. The business is well managed so as to serve and give quality services to their patients, and it promises them a future that is caring, convenient and cost-effective. Marketing research is a core functional aspect of any business and it is based on two perspectives which are the vision, mission and organization goals and the other part is the internal/external analysis (Hillestad, 2004) which includes the assessment of the environment, competitors, an internal analysis, market evaluation and a review of marketing activities. the marketing plan of establishing a surgical center must uncover numerous opportunities and have all the necessary information ,have adequate data, and financial planning issues, building issues and miscellaneous of the surgical center. It provides potential partners information about the expectations, risks and profits of the project as well as the total equity to be contributed for the success of the outpatient surgical center (Lawrence, 2004). The marketing research plan embrace financial, human resource, technological, regulatory ,operational ,analysis of data linked with organization’s strategic plan, marketing s trategy, tactical marketing and information system compensations and have to build on the values and mission of the

Benefits of Brand Positioning

Benefits of Brand Positioning Positioning is what you stand for in the mind of the market. Brand positioning is a strategic approach to establishing a sustainable competitive advantage. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment. There are five generic competitive branding strategies useful in brand positioning.   These generic competitive strategies are: 1. A low-cost leadership strategy entails the process of appealing to the broad spectrum of potential buyers by being able to offer an overall low cost product or service. Example: Walmart, Dell Computers 2. A broad differentiation strategy is one in which a business seeks to differentiate its products or services from their competitors in ways that attract the broadest spectrum of customers in an established industry. Example: Mercedes cars, Apple 3. A best cost provider strategy is one that offers customers more value for the buck, with a lot of emphasis on the low cost of the product or service in comparison to its high quality. Great example is Toyota with its Lexus luxury models. 4. A focused strategy on lower costs is a brand positioning strategy that concentrates on out competing rivals, by offering customized products or services at a lower cost to a smaller portion of the established buyers. Example: many small retailers offering their own label or discounted line of products. 5. A focused strategy based on differentiation is one in which the focus is on a narrow segment of buyers who are offered a product or service that has been customized to meet their exact tastes and demands and supersedes what competitors are offering. Example: any successful niche retailers (The Perfume Shop, etc.). Benefits of Brand Positioning: Better decision-making.  Positioning is an essential framework for helping you decide what to do and what not  to do. Efficiency effectiveness.  A proverb states, He who chases two rabbits will catch neither. Positioning focuses your limited resources on a clearly defined goal, enabling these investments to build upon each other instead of being deployed scattershot. Control.  Either position yourself, or your competitors will happily do it for you. Positioning gives you control over your own brand image, because it defines the space you can own like no one else. Marketers can use many dimensions to carve out a brands position in the market place. A brand for each brand position strategy: Lifestyle SWATCH has become successful lifestyle brands. It play an important role in our lives by allowing us to express our values and define ourselvesto the world. Lifestyle branding appeals to managers because it offers what appears to be a relatively easy way to sidestep competition and connect with customers on a more personal level lifestyle brands do not evade the competition; instead they end up competing for a share of a consumers identity. And as an increasing number of brands turn to lifestyle positioning, the competition among self-expressive brands intensifies.   Price leadership Wal-Mart is a price leader. The brands that are suffering today are those that try to stake out a position in the middle of the road. They face price competition from the price leader. This way the company translates its cost advantage into price advantage for its customers and thereby improves the market share.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  This is how Wal-Mart captures the markets and eliminates the competitors and improves revenues and market share.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Wal-Mart Stores  set the standard for retailers: They were the most efficient at getting low-priced goods into the hands of consumers that nobody could beat them on price. Attributes Blackberry mobile phones they position their Brand on the basis of the attributes of their product. Their products have special features like Blackberry Messenger (BBM) which makes their product different from others. This  strategy  relies on providing a superior product to the customers to have a better positioning. Product class Hindustan Unilever has positioned their various soaps by product class. Like they have dove and lux etc that is positioned by same class. Positioning by product class can increase a companys profits by presenting more items from our product line to consumers who may be familiar with or loyal to our brand name. This is especially key when similar products we position in our product class are one-of-a-kind with no similar offerings by competitors. Competitors Samsung which deals in mobiles phones position their product by keeping in mind its competetors like HTC, sony and lg etc. The Positioning by competitor strategy may be influenced by the market, the features of other products in the market, their pricing, distribution as well as any other factor which is the strength of the competitor. If Samsung is fighting against a competitor on the same factors of positioning, it should better be prepared for a long and hard fight. However, if it want to get to the top, it need to attack the weaknesses first and thereby permanently take away some of the market share of the competitor. Occasion COCK brand crackers have done its brand positioning on the basis of occasion. This kind of positioning stresses when or how your product is used by your target audience. Crackers are mostly used on some special occasions like diwali, new year and marriage etc. So in the mind of consumer their products are positioned as occasion products. Users VERTU a subsidiary of Nokia mobile phone has positioned their brand on the base of high class users. Their mobiles are very costly. Vertu  creates limited edition luxurious  cell  mobile  phones using the finest materials available including gold, titanium etc Quality BMW cars have built its brand image or position their product in mind of consumer through the quality of their product. Building a powerful perception of quality, will succeed in creating a powerful brand. The best way to increase perception of quality is to narrow the companys focus. BMW have narrowed products focus, they explain, we become a specialist rather than a generalist, and a specialist is perceived to know more, or be of higher quality than a generalist.

Legalization Of Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

Legalization of Drugs The drug connection is one that continues to resist analysis, both because cause and effect are so difficult to distinguish and because the role of the drug- prohibition laws in causing and labeling "drug-related crime" is so often ignored. There are four possible connections between drugs and crime, at least three of which would be much diminished if the drug-prohibition laws were repealed. "First, producing, selling, buying, and consuming strictly controlled and banned substances is itself a crime that occurs billions of times each year in the United States alone" (Lindsmith Center). In the absence of drug- prohibition laws, these activities would obviously stop being crimes. "Selling drugs to children would continue to be criminal, and other evasions of government regulation of a legal market would continue to be prosecuted; but by and large the drug connection that now accounts for all of the criminal-justice costs noted above would be severed" (Lindsmith Center). Second, many illicit-drug users commit crimes such as robbery and burglary, as well as drug dealing, prostitution, and many others, to earn enough money to purchase the relatively high-priced illicit drugs. "Unlike the millions of alcoholics who can support their habits for relatively modest amounts, many cocaine and heroin addicts spend hundreds and even thousands of dollars a week" (Lindsmith Center). If the drugs to which they are addicted were much cheaper- which would be the case if they were legalized-the number of crimes committed by drug addicts to pay for their habits would, in all likelihood, decline. Even if a legal-drug policy included the a demand of relatively high taxes in order to discourage consumption, drug prices would probably still be lower than they are today. The third drug connection is the commission of crimes- violent crimes in particular-by people under the influence of illicit drugs. "This connection seems to have the greatest impact upon the popular imagination" (Lindsmith Center). Clearly, some drugs do "cause" some people to commit crimes by reducing normal control, unleashing aggressive and other antisocial tendencies, and lessening the sense of responsibility. "Cocaine, particularly in the form of crack, has gained such a reputation in recent years, just as heroin did in t... ... of the drug dealing business because they can't control things on the street anymore with the drugs. He would have to go the legal way and try to make himself a respectable business person or lose all of his business. The bottom line is, if drugs are legalized it would stop a lot of crime and stimulate the economy. Drugs are bad, but wouldn't it be better to stop the criminal activity than let all of the crime go unchecked. The drug trafficking these days is getting to be ridiculous and something must be done to stop the rage of drug use and crime in our societies today. Children can get their hands on these illegal and dangerous drugs so easy now it is crazy. If drug use was legalized it would become almost impossible for a child under age to get these drugs. It would stop many young people from becoming junkies, while making them into better people that would contribute to their community. If a person wants to mess their bodies up I believe that they should do what they want with themselves, but when things start to affect other people then the authorities should step in. WORK CITED The Lindsmith Center, www.soros.org "Drugs and Crime."

Human Relations in Management Essay

W. L. Gore & Associates The goal of human relations is â€Å"to create a win-win situation by satisfying employee needs while achieving organizational objectives.† (Lussier, 2013). They do this by not operating the way normal companies do. No one in the company has a title and promotions are given based on who the employees agree thinks they deserve it. While this is something I’ve never heard of I can see it working, you have to have a good workplace in order for something like this to be successful. Another thing that they have is sponsors who I think is something all jobs should offer. Once a person is finished being trained they are left to learn the small thing which can be overwhelming when left alone. Having someone who has been there and can help you through those moments and can relate to problems you may have done the job. With the systems effect all the people of the company are somehow affected by at least one person in the group (Lussier, 2013). You can see this in their sponsors, when one person gets a new role in the company they gain a new sponsor. This affects multiple people because as you’re promoted on the job you get more sponsors and the role of that sponsors is to be there to help guide the employee on the job. At some point everyone will be a sponsor to more than one person and they can use the things that they learned from their sponsor to help the person they’ve been assigned to sponsor. The Hawthorne effect believes that an employee’s performance would increase if they were given special attention (Lussier, 2013). Working for W.L. Gore & Associates there doesn’t seem to be anyone who will micromanage you to make sure you’re doing your job, there is no one to tell you good job after every task is competed. You are self-managed and you work on your own to get the job done. While this may seem like a terrible working environment to other’s it doesn’t to me. I don’t think a person has to be given any special attention to want to increase their job performance; they should work to do so because they love their job and want the company to be successful. In order to be an effective sponsor you have to be able to follow all ten of the guidelines of human relations. You have to be positive and willing to listen to people; the person you’re sponsoring is going to be depending on you to help them when they are facing problems on the job. If you aren’t willing to go out of your way to help other and show that you’re truly show that you are interested in helping them become better on the job. I think the most important one of the ten is having a sense of humor, while it’s important to get the job done there is nothing wrong with having fun while do so. A good sponsor will try to find a way to truly help you enjoy what you do for a living, References Lussier, R.N. (2013). Human relations in organizations: Applications and skill building (9th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of “Romeo and Juliet” Essay

How does Shakespeare use language and dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of Montague family. Later in Act One Scene Five he authenticates that all that is ever on his mind is war as when he sees Romeo at the Capulet party (Romeo being a Montague and therefore not wanted), instead of letting it pass as a party in Elizabethan times and today is no place for fighting, he asks Capulet for permission to fight him there and then – â€Å"Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe; a villain, that is hither come in spite to scorn at our solemnity this night.† This quote demonstrates Tybalt’s willingness to vehemently insult others and the â€Å"s† sounds he uses suggests he is almost hissing his hatred. Throughout the play Tybalt is extremely one-dimensional when it comes to language; when he speaks it as always at a dramatic or leading up to a dramatic point in the play. Maybe due to the similar circumstances that he speaks in or the fact that he is a warrior and no poet he repeatedly speaks in blank verse (or prose) Romeo is an archetypal lover, who despite his good intentions is still forced into fighting. He is the one male character in the entire to play that is willing to forsake his family name for love; this portrays him as an outsider to typical Veronian behaviour. This is strongly proclaimed by Shakespeare in Act One Scene One after a brawl between the two families in the streets – â€Å"What fray was here? Yet tell me not for I have heard it all!†-Demonstrating Romeo’s mood as someone who is detached from the fighting as he dares to be. Although Shakespeare substantially promotes non-belligerence throughout the play using the character Benvolio, he does not agree with the way Romeo attempts to break up the fight between Tybalt and Mercutio (â€Å"I thought all for the best†) – perhaps he is conveying to us that interference is bad. This is well shown in the Franco Zeffirelli (1968) film of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† as the fight is made out to be g entlemanly and playful, it is shown to be Romeo’s fault Mercutio dies. Romeo’s extensive language adds to the atmosphere of the play and gave the highly trained ear of an Elizabethan play watcher an insight into what was going to happen. Whilst Romeo is not in a scene that is displaying any particular passion for love or war he speaks in blank verse, whilst when he is with Juliet he switches to sonnet (or rhyming verse) form – this was  considered very romantic in this period of history, finally when Romeo challenges Tybalt he seeps into more colloquial, cruel pros to demonstrate his anger. What is most noticeable about the language Romeo uses is actually that it seems always to be tainted, this is due to the constraint oxymorons he uses – â€Å"Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health.† This bolsters the contrast Shakespeare creates, the way that the play is constantly switching between violent or death or love scenes. The character of Romeo is all about contrast – one second he is the loving husband of Juliet, the other he is the bloodthirsty killer of Tybalt. From the beginning to the end of the play, Shakespeare exploits this contrast. In the prologue, the audience is told that the â€Å"lovers take their life†. Love is tainted with death. At the end, by using Romeo and Juliet as a sacrifice, ending the ancient grudge, we continue to experience mixed emotions because of this contrast. Although death claims two innocent lives, love is ultimately triumphant. Tybalt’s opposite is Benvolio. Unlike Tybalt, war is the last thing he thinks about, instead he feels that there is much more to life than fighting and in reconciliation of this he will always try to break up fights, this is shown in the Act One Scene One when he attempts to break up the fight that Sampson and Gregory have created by shouting â€Å"Part, fools! Put up your swords; you know not what you do.† Benvolio’s underlying judiciousness is shown by the use of the word â€Å"fools†; proving that he considers Samson and Gregory to be imbeciles for fighting. Not only does Benvolio try to break up fights, he also is willing to give council to his friends – the particular case shown in the play is when he confides with Romeo about Rosalin – â€Å"What sadness lengthens Romeo’s hours?† Shakespeare uses him as a dramatic device, for example he always truthfully reports fights, does not get killed and has an active participation s o could possibly be viewed as a role model. Also, interestingly enough in Act Three Scene One he does not get involved in the fighting even when Mercutio is killed; this is another of Shakespeare’s more pacifistic of opinions saying that you should not even fight if it is to bring someone to justice. Amid the highs and lows of the play Benvolio only employs two different styles of language, he uses prose or blank verse when he is speaking in a time of peace e.g. when counselling Romeo, and merges  into a rhymed verse when his adrenalin is at is peak – like when he is breaking up a fight. The rhymed verse shows his high principles and how he understands the responsibilities of being a noble. Although Tybalt, Romeo and Benvolio are undoubtedly the dominant male characters, males such as Mercutio, Sampson and Gregory succeed in making important points concerning the main theme of the play, masculinity. Sampson and Gregory spearhead the first scene with a crude, slanderous conversation that ultimately leads to a brawl in the tight streets of Verona. Shakespeare moulds them into a tool for expressing loutish – therefore not truly manly behaviour. They also play an important part in starting the fight, which captures the audiences’ attention in the beginning of the play. These louts are more interested in showing off to each other than helping to maintain a stable society, they do this by making bold comments concerning sex and fighting – it makes their already oversized ego swell with feelings of machismo. The language they use reinforces this behaviour – â€Å"I will push Montague’s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall.† The verbs â€Å"push† and â€Å"thrust† are very violent adding to Gregory’s and Sampson’s characters. Overall Sampson and Gregory set the initial tone of the play, they show the audience the relevance to masculinity in it, that the play will have a varied temperament and to expect wordplay – especially with characters such as Mercutio to come. Concerning wordplay, Mercutio uses it extensively; even when he is on the brink of death he jokes – â€Å"Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.† Mercutio does this to conserve his manliness; in modern day terms it is comparable to a rugby player being injured seriously and asking to continue playing. However, after his witty fusillade of comic comments it is revealed to his friend that he is in fact in terrible pain as in his last breaths he shouts out â€Å"A plague a ‘both your houses,† He repeats this three times for added effect. This curse was one of incredible seriousness at the time, as in the 16th century England had been devastated by plagues several times. With this, Mercutio the joker ends his life on a malicious tone; this reinforces the idea that the feud is to blame for his death. Shakespeare creates the play’s atmosphere using several dramatic effects, a very important one is the terminology used for swords especially during the first seen. Sampson and Gregory refer to their weapons with sexual connotations, for example the terms â€Å"fiddling stick† and â€Å"naked weapon† are both used, these props swell the testosterone filled nature of the young duelling males. This effect is essential as in the 16th century a swordsman of Tybalt’s calibre was admired; this is demonstrated when the placid Benvolio describes Tybalt as â€Å"stout†. Shakespeare makes a key point concerning masculinity in Act Three Scene One when the prince denounces Romeo’s masculine, but not law-abiding action when he kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio in order to protect the citizens of Verona. Shakespeare makes the prince do this to express that people should do what is in the community’s interests rather than allowing deaths to slip past their gaze. The prince puts down this manly action by exiling Romeo thus pleasing both houses and keeping peace – â€Å"Romeo slew him; he slew Tybalt, and for that offence we do exile him hence.† This corresponds directly towards Elizabethan England as due to numerous noble duels, many high up people were getting killed so duals began to be clamped down on more thoroughly. Yet another way in which Shakespeare adds to the feel of tension in the play -as well as giving the audience an additional awareness of the social context is by the setting. Shakespeare sets the play in the swelteringly hot and extraordinarily cramped city of Verona; this style of city was typical of the Elizabethan period adding to the play a more realistic feel. A good example of this being shown is when Romeo asks the way to the house of Capulet and the servant replies â€Å"up.† – this is an obvious referral to the architectural style of the Elizabethan period. In addition the combination of heat and little space may have irritated the characters – adding to their aggression. Later on in act  three Benvolio sums this up by saying â€Å"The day is hot, the capels are aboard, And if we meet we shall not escape a brawl, For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring.† Shakespeare creates a testosterone driven world that reflects the aggressive and competitive attitudes of males in Renaissance Europe. The contrasting characters suggest different male attributes; some being kind and trustworthy, whilst others are nasty and cruel. This explosive structure creates tension; at any moment passion and anger could erupt – throwing society into disarray. Perhaps Shakespeare s suggesting men need to control their desire to fight and should be open, friendly and compassionate.

Free Essays on Paul

Paul was one of Jesus’ most important apostles. He preached about Christ in some of the toughest most diverse ancient cities in the world. One of these cities was Rome. â€Å"The task of preaching Christ in cities of the ancient world was as great as any that has ever faced Christians† (Perkins, 133). People had different beliefs, most people believed in what they could see and what was proven to them. Paul thinks that people have their own ability to think and the ability to know right from wrong. Paul proclaims that God is right, and any other worship is wrong. Rome was a large mixture of all types of religious beliefs from the Greek Gods to the Jewish community which seemed to be growing larger and larger everyday. Paul wrote a passage in the bible about Rome, called â€Å"The Letter of Paul to the Romans†. This passage was written in Corinth about 55-58 A.D. Paul’s reasoning for this was to point out to all the Romans what it is, in his mind, that they were doing wrong with their worship. Paul is trying to prove that Christ is the only true faith. â€Å"For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them† (ROMANS 1:19). This is saying that people are being unfaithful not to believe that God is our creator. The fact that they all know in their hearts that God is our creator but that maybe they need some one like Paul to preach it to them. He was trying to point out that believing in these false Gods and Goddesses would at some point lead them to false behavior. â€Å"and they exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling a mortal human being or birds or four-footed animals or reptiles† (ROMANS 1:23). This is what he explains as â€Å"The Guilt of Human Kind†. At this time Rome was growing as an empire and becoming the strongest economically and politically. There were also a lot of other things going on in Rome at this time, things like the Roman baths which later led to same sex relati... Free Essays on Paul Free Essays on Paul The 5 Minute Battle A sharp ringing resounds in my head As I realize I’m not lying in my bed At the best episode of a reverie. The teacher strides by striking me In the head with that wretched weapon She wields by her side to beckon All scholars who have fallen deep Without effort into an oppressive sleep. I leap to my feet and fly to the door Attempting to beat the crowd wondering evermore From class to class never halting to rest As Moses and his nation roaming to discover their nest. Eking along at a miserable eight feet per minute I panic in the realization of a lacking time limit. As I rush down the hall mimicking an untamed river An ignorant freshman stands frozen beginning to quiver. The masses consume him and I My heart longs to rise up and fly Up and over the mob. My first destination Comes into sight, to reach it requires fierce determination! As I warily whirl the wheel Seeking three consecutive numbers, I feel A sudden great waft to my extended wing Similar to that the giant felt coming from David’s sling. Breathlessly I scurry to recover from the clout. â€Å"One minute left!† A nearby straggler did shout. Teachers commence to hiss At the lovers yearning for one last kiss. I round the bend and break into a sprint! For my next over-zealous teacher will not show a hint Of grace towards those who lose the five minute battle Against those students lingering like cattle. The last few seconds flutter by Five minutes is all but over, I can’t afford to be shy. Pushing, pulling, jumping, scratching, lunging, I skate over the threshold into the classroom, gasping For air I plummet into my chair in time to hear The jingle of that tardy bell ringing in my ear.... Free Essays on Paul Paul was one of Jesus’ most important apostles. He preached about Christ in some of the toughest most diverse ancient cities in the world. One of these cities was Rome. â€Å"The task of preaching Christ in cities of the ancient world was as great as any that has ever faced Christians† (Perkins, 133). People had different beliefs, most people believed in what they could see and what was proven to them. Paul thinks that people have their own ability to think and the ability to know right from wrong. Paul proclaims that God is right, and any other worship is wrong. Rome was a large mixture of all types of religious beliefs from the Greek Gods to the Jewish community which seemed to be growing larger and larger everyday. Paul wrote a passage in the bible about Rome, called â€Å"The Letter of Paul to the Romans†. This passage was written in Corinth about 55-58 A.D. Paul’s reasoning for this was to point out to all the Romans what it is, in his mind, that they were doing wrong with their worship. Paul is trying to prove that Christ is the only true faith. â€Å"For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them† (ROMANS 1:19). This is saying that people are being unfaithful not to believe that God is our creator. The fact that they all know in their hearts that God is our creator but that maybe they need some one like Paul to preach it to them. He was trying to point out that believing in these false Gods and Goddesses would at some point lead them to false behavior. â€Å"and they exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling a mortal human being or birds or four-footed animals or reptiles† (ROMANS 1:23). This is what he explains as â€Å"The Guilt of Human Kind†. At this time Rome was growing as an empire and becoming the strongest economically and politically. There were also a lot of other things going on in Rome at this time, things like the Roman baths which later led to same sex relati...

School Journey Essays

School Journey Essays School: Journey Essays Journey is usually defined as a physical journey i.e. moving from one place to another. This term though can also be defined as emotional, mental and/or spiritual. Through these types of journeys we gain a greater understanding of how characters interact with the world around them and others involved in their lives. The responder can predict how each character will change over time through the development of their journey. Journey can be seen through the play ‘Away’ by Michael Gow, the novel ‘Hiding Edith’ by Kathy Kacer and an excerpt of the poem ‘The Wind In The Willows’ by Kenneth Grahame. There are also numerous literary techniques which further broaden our knowledge and understanding. In Away, an emotional and mental journey is evident in Coral’s life. Coral is mourning the loss of her son, however is finding it extremely difficult to move on and go on with her life. As result of her withdrawn, depressed behaviour, her husband, Roy, is being left in the dark and therefore finds it difficult to communicate with her. â€Å"Do you want to me to send you a doctor? Do you want to see a doctor?...Look at you. Look at me† Roy is frustrated and through his anger and sadness is having a harsh argument with Coral although the message he is trying to get across to Coral is that he is desperate to get his wife back both physically and psychologically. The repetition of referring to the same question emphasises that she needs help. He is also incorporating himself in the statement initiating that the death of their son is not only affecting her only but him too, however Coral has taken the wrong turn on things excluding herself and everyone else around hers. T his leads to Coral having to examine the alternatives whether she will dwell on the past and give her marriage a break or to try hardest to cope with the fact that her son is never coming back. Coral though is reluctant and prefers to stay close to her dead son. However through trial and error, Coral acknowledges she has made an irresponsible decision by not moving on and re-establishes where she and her husband stand in their relationship. When Coral states â€Å"I’ve started taking such interest in the world around me†, it clearly shows that she is beginning to open up and take in what she missed out on due to her world looking grey but now can finally see colour again. She is proving to Roy that she is moving on. Coral’s changed values and self-realisation relates to journey as without taking an emotional and mental journey she would not have learnt from her mistakes and therefore only dwell on the past. She has realised that sometimes good things come out o f bad situations. The novel Hiding Edith links to the concept journey as physically Edith is moving from place to place and metaphorically this journey teaches her about the world around and what measures she must take to keep herself alive. Hiding Edith relates to the play Away as like Coral, Edith too must get used to living without a significant other; in this case it is her father, Both are leaving behind all the troubles at home in hope to find a place that will help them all reconnect with each other. Hiding Edith is in first person witch gives it a personal view as it helps us understand the characters feelings and emotions in much more depth. â€Å"What’s the use of thinking of the future?† this statement said by Edith herself evidently relates to Coral in her early stages of her grief. She saw no hope in living life without her son and Edith too felt the same when she had no support from her family. However whilst going on their physical journey; Coral to the Gold Coast and Edit h to a safe home, they have been able to look past the bad things and look further to a brighter future. In Away, an emotional and mental journey is also manifested in Harry, Vic and Tom’s life. As parents of Tom, Harry and Vic have been struck with their worst nightmare, that Tom only has little time to live. Harry however is adamant that Tom

Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society

How Do Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society? The ICT industry is evolving every day, and from some time, there have been different changes in the system which are evident. The technology change is very fast and covering all aspects of the modern society. The concept of ICT comes up with many elements that are normally very interdependent by nature, and there is some disruption as well where one can get impacted by many other factors as well. From last many years, many experts, as well as policymakers, are always expressing a lot of concern about saving the system from some cyber attacks. Here many experts are expected to raise the overall frequency, and it is also severe in actions in coming future as well (Van den Berg et al., 2014). The overall act is about saving the ICT systems, and the overall content has become popular and called for cyber security. A broad concept can be very helpful however it tends to defy the exact definition completely. It sometimes inappropriately gets thoroughly conflated with various other theorie s and concepts like sharing information or privacy or surveillance. But, the overall concept of cyber security can be a crucial technique which protects the privacy level and also saves many unauthorized issues and monitoring along with sharing of information. It can be based on gathering many crucial tools which impact the concept. When the management is at risk related to information system is also considered as basic to being an effective tool for cyber security. The overall risks are also related to any attack that depends on three important factors. These three factors are threats which can be a case of attack or vulnerabilities which are related to the weakness of the victim and lastly impacts which discuss the overall impacts of the attack. Many kinds of cyber attacks have restricted kind of impacts however a successful one cover some vital elements of critical infrastructure where many lead by privately owned business (Van den Berg et al., 2014). It can also lead to many imp ortant impacts on the national level security as well as the economy and the basic livelihood of people of the country. Saving the critical kind of infrastructure functions have emerged as a major issue. This happens primarily due, so many money goes through a different set of the network each day, and it also involves a broad range of functions, based on e-commerce, travel, communication in general and hospitality. Distribution of electricity, water based distribution and many another kind of utility services are dependent on ICT-related infrastructure. The defense sectors also depend on electronic systems (Lam, 2016). There are many critical systems or infrastructure is mainly owned as well as functioned by the private sector. However, the important question here is that the private sector is only responsible for it and this can only mean that government has a much lesser kind of role and these are few of the crucial issues in cyber security that countries are dealing with. At a company level, the concept is merely based on technology problems, but it is also a management based problem. This is further grounded at management of risk which asks for a clearer understanding of people, process, network as well many ICT based security features (Lam, 2016). It is also normal that many organizations are actively involved in saving the infrastructure of ICT. This leads to including many privately owned operators for different pieces of the infrastructure. These types of efforts also require and it is important to be completely coordinated with integrated kind of entity, and it also serves as a united structure which is responsible for cyber security. A different set of roles, as well as responsibilities of every party, require to be defined in clear words and also the government requires to setup right kind of policy as well as legal structures. Countries like the US have further advocated for a market-based as well as voluntary kind of approach towards the industry and concept of cyber security becomes the part of National Strategy to save the Cyberspace (Elmaghraby and Losavio, 2014). However, this is work properly completely since the investment of security produced by the industry as per the needs of the corporate are not found to start with broader interest of the country.   So the important question here is that how extra investment will be generated for the companies or will there be any case for incentives as a part of a number of incentives based program to fill the gap that exists between security-based investment.   With this, there are additional forms that are required to save many critical infrastructure (Elmagh raby and Losavio, 2014). Some security-based surveys point out the need and it also reveal that there is lack of proper knowledge among many executive related to security-based policies and cases and the recent technological answer is based on leakage of data as well as financial level loss and the overall training that is required for the workforce. The overall cyberspace is also very low comparatively, and there are number legal concepts for many standards of care that are not present (Sadeghi et al., 2015). As discussed, the overall risk related to any attack is primarily dependent on three crucial factors which are threats, vulnerabilities, and the impacts. The overall management of risk towards the information system is based on basic to impactful cyber security. Threats are related to people that actually or sometimes potentially commit cyber attacks, and such people are widely mentioned as falling into a single or sometimes more than five cases which can be criminal's related intent on many monetary advantages from different crimes like extortion or theft (Sadeghi et al., 2015). There are many spies as well where the intention is of stealing the valuable and confidential information used by the private sector and government. Many nation-state players are working to grow different capabilities and also undertake a different kind of cyber attacks right in support of the country's objectives. The concept of cyber security in many ways comes with a kind of race between defenders. The sy stems of ICT are also very complex by nature, and the attackers are continuously looking for some weakness which can happen at many points of time. There are also many defenders that can also be saved against any weaknesses, but three specifically are challenges which are inadvertent or sometimes intentional. These act by different insiders with right kind of access to the system along with supply chain vulnerabilities that can allow different kind of insertions of many bad software or hardware as per the process of acquisition and unknown previously on nil vulnerabilities with no set fix (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Even in the case of many kinds of vulnerabilities where the solution are known, and this may not be executed in many kinds of cases since there are a number of operational as well as budget issues. The important question here is what can be the main issues where a successful kind of attack can also compromise the private information, integrity and the presence of the ICT sy stem and the data one can handle. The concepts of cyber theft or any espionage-related to attacks can bring departure of much financial, personal as well as proprietary information where an attacker can benefit the most, and it happens without the proper knowledge of the victim. There are many denials of service kind of an attack which is slow by nature and also saves many users from accessing on the system (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Many cyber-based attacks usually have a restricted influence but either way, a successful kind of attack is the one where different elements of many critical infrastructures. Many such issues are held by the privately owned sector and can have significant impacts on nationally based security, the economy and the daily lives as well as safety of single citizen. This is why; there are very few successful attacks with high-level influence that can pose on the larger issues than a common kind of successful issues with low influence (Scully, 2014). It can be recognized that cyber-based attacks which can be a costly process for people and companies, an economic influence that can be challenging to calculate and also estimates of different influenced widely. Following are some of challenges: - The concept of cyberspace is primarily based on many diverse IT networks along with many computer resources and every fixed as well as the mobile based device which is associated with the international internet. A cyberspace of a country is a part of the international space, and one cannot completely get isolated with what is defined as many boundaries since the concept is entirely borderless (Cavelty and Mauer, 2016). This is why the concept of cyberspace is unique by nature and unlines another physical world which is restricted by geography from land to sea to other natural sources. However, the issue of cyber attacks is becoming a constant problem, and the countries are now investing heavily in ICT infrastructure with an opinion to provide a higher amount of time to integrate various national economies with the international marketplace and also make sure that the people can access more e-services. The above-discussed security issues are increasing, and the main aim is to the inve stment and the safety of cyberinfrastructure. Cavelty, M.D. and Mauer, V., 2016.  Power and security in the information age: Investigating the role of the state in cyberspace. Routledge. Cherdantseva, Y., Burnap, P., Blyth, A., Eden, P., Jones, K., Soulsby, H. and Stoddart, K., 2016. A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems.  computers & security,  56, pp.1-27. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy.  Journal of advanced research,  5(4), pp.491-497. Lam, J., 2016, June. IIET: Cyber security in modern power systems-Protecting large and complex networks. In  Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems, IET  (pp. 1-12). IET. Reddy, G.N. and Reddy, G.J., 2014. A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.  arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Reddy, Y.B., 2015, April. Security and design challenges in cyber-physical systems. In  Information Technology-New Generations (ITNG), 2015 12th International Conference on  (pp. 200-205). IEEE. Sadeghi, A.R., Wachsmann, C. and Waidner, M., 2015, June. Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things. In  Design Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE  (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom.  Journal of business continuity & emergency planning,  7(2), pp.138-148. Ã…  endelj, R., Lombardi, F., Ognjanovi?, I. and Guarino, S., 2014. Cyber Security in Montenegro: Practice, Framework and Challenges. Van den Berg, J., van Zoggel, J., Snels, M., van Leeuwen, M., Boeke, S., van de Koppen, L., van der Lubbe, J., van den Berg, B. and de Bos, T., 2014. On (the Emergence of) Cyber Security Science and its Challenges for Cyber Security Education. In  Proceedings of the NATO IST-122 Cyber Security Science and Engineering Symposium  (pp. 13-14). .com is the ideal place for students, who often wonder, 'who can write my assignment for me'. The reason is, we have a pool of highly skilled and knowledgeable experts, who prepare highest quality academic papers in all domains. 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Brainstorming for Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brainstorming for Research Proposal - Essay Example The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanna Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publishing. Many questions have emerged on the effects of internet publishing. I am actually confused and wondering how publishers and writers earn yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. I tend to think that the amount of money used by a reader in downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and writers. Many writers are earning a lot of money through posting their creative work. I wonder what the internet has done to publishing industries. Yes electronic publishing has made the process simple and flexible. Nevertheless, I wonder about what effect internet has resulted in publishing hand cover books. Companies producing raw materials for publishing company are operating on losses since the printing of books is getting lower every day. I wonder what

Journalism and Diversity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Journalism and Diversity - Term Paper Example This paper tells that the notion of responsible media got recognition through the Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press in the United States. The World Association of Press Councils realizes that the freedom of the press must be responsible to the public cause, if not the government. It announces that â€Å"it is implicit and inherent in the institution of a free press that the press exercises its powers and duties in a responsible manner† (The Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, 2000, p. 2). Clause 12 of the Press Complaints Code deals with discrimination issue regarding reporting of news, guiding journalists not to mention the race, color, religion, sexual orientation, physical or mental illness or disability of a person unless these are required actually to complete the story. The purpose behind this clause is to secure people from biased reporting and the news publication does not harm the common public interest. Journalists need to differentiate between the lines, c rossing it only when remarks are made generally about various sections of people on a reporter’s individual capacity to write that is politically correct and a decision cannot be easily made without harming others’ right of freedom of expression (Beales, 2009). The purpose of the Code is to draw a line, remaining within which won’t create any clash between the right of the public to freedom of speech and the rights of a person not to be exposed to biased personal abuse. Regarding the right to freedom of expression, having a different opinion is the right irrespective of the matter whether it is not to others’ liking or others mind it (Beales, 2009). With the increasing trend of media taken to the court over its expression of public opinion, the responsibility of the press has increased to report daily news in a controlled way. Past examples of various news reporting can help in drawing a line between taking the freedom of publishing news, for example, the British media took restraint by not publishing the contentious Danish cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed, although they were not bound by the Code not to do so. On the same length, the sarcastic advice of a national newspaper columnist to wire the county streets to decollate cyclists created anger among the audiences but it was not the violation of the Code on the part of the columnist but because the remark was not aimed at any individual and the columnist also published an apology, the matter was amicably settled (Beales, 2009). Nevertheless, pejorative or prejudicial aggression at selected people is against the spirit of the Code. For instance, making fun at the disabled son of Katie Price, the showbiz model from Jordan became a controversial issue; the PCC was flooded with complaints from readers and also from Ms. Price and her husband, Peter Andre. The issue could only be settled when an online and in-print apology was made by the magazine besides making the donation to the char ity (Beales, 2009). The Code comes to the rescue of those individuals who are targeted and victimized but complaints made by the third party do not come under the arc of the Code until the sufferer agrees to support the complaint. Journalists are advised to apply restraint in reporting matters of public interest by the PCC. Even if no claim of discrimination is made by any individual, PCC can take action under other sections of the Code like Accuracy. For instance, the PCC issued the guidance note on asylum seekers indicating that it was wrong to assume asylum seekers as illegal. They are legal so far as they are not denied asylum.

Analysis of Effectiveness of Two Cushions in the Prevention of Heel Essay

Analysis of Effectiveness of Two Cushions in the Prevention of Heel Pressure Ulcers Study - Essay Example At the beginning of the introduction, the researchers presented the facts as to why conducting a study about heel pressure ulcers was important. It is considered as a common problem in clinical practice and is deemed burdensome on both human and financial terms. The manifestation of heel pressure ulcers affects the patient both physically and mentally, inclusive of the fact that it adds to the expenses in clinical treatment. Thus, the researchers chose to assess two different cushions in terms of effectiveness in preventing heel pressure ulcers (Braden and Blanchard, 2007). The study has also defined what pressure ulcers are, including the means of how it can be prevented. In general, these measures are to reduce the duration or reduce the magnitude of pressure and shearing forces. In that regard, the researchers analyzed that the reduction of the duration of shear and pressure can be carried out through repositioning the patient or through the use of alternating pressure air mattres ses (Heyneman, et. al, 2009). Since both variables can be reduced through the utilization of a tool that would increase the contact surface of the patient with the underlying support surface. The researchers then elaborated on the products with varying pressure reducing capacity in terms of effectiveness. ... This can be done through putting a pillow under the patient's legs so that the heels would be suspended above the mattress. This method is deemed viable as the heel zone would not be subjected to any pressure, and the pressure is distributed accordingly in the lower leg, as supported by the pillow. The study cited five studies they have acquired in PubMed in reference to the pressure reducing qualities of pillows, as well as each of the product's effectiveness in terms of removing heel pressure ulcers. The studies included were from Smith (1984), De Keyser et al. (1994), Tymec et al. (1997), Cheney (1993) and Collins et al. (2002).     Ã‚  

Fireworks and Explosives Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fireworks and Explosives - Research Proposal Example As per the advanced analysis in of fireworks, it reveals that â€Å"potassium nitrate†, primarily the main chemical ingredient in gunpowder, is still an imperative element utilized in quite a lot of current explosives. (Michael S. Russell) An â€Å"explosion† is a chain of chemical reactions induced by fumed energetically unstable explosive materials that generate a rapid and aggressive oxidation reaction resulted in the production of the huge mass of hot gases and heat. Due to the mass force of gas and heat, it expands rapidly and forms a blast, further forming shock wave giving the blast its destructive power. (Gail Kay Haines) The â€Å"explosive train,† also termed as an initiation sequence or â€Å"firing train† is the series of charges that progress from moderately small levels of energy to instigate the absolute volatile material/main charge. There are two types of explosive trains Explosive materials comprise of any one of a chemically unadulterated compound like â€Å"nitroglycerin† or a mixture of an oxidizer and a fuel such as â€Å"black powder, flash powder, Sprengel explosives, ANFO, Panclastites† etc. For the understanding of explosive materials based on mixtures of fuel and oxidizers following equation can be useful: Diverse explosives utilize, unlike chemical reactions. The most primitive known explosive was gunpowder. Gunpowder or black powder is considered a grand historical significance in chemistry. The principal application of gunpowder is as a â€Å"propellant.† Gunpowder was invented by Chinese alchemists during the 9th century. (Appleton) The gunpowder was prepared by assimilating rudimentary sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. The â€Å"Potassium nitrate, sulfur in addition to carbon† retort collectively to produce nitrogen & carbon dioxide gases along with potassium sulfide.  Ã‚  

Small-business owner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Small-business owner - Research Paper Example A labor-relations strategy involves identifying the goals in labor relations that are desired by both the labor and the management. They could be picked out individually or jointly. A strategy to meet these goals will then be identified (Slaughter, 2008). This could be a collaboration strategy or compliance strategy, or a combination of both collaboration and compliance (Noe, 2007). Actions necessary to carry out that strategy will then be developed. As a manager, I would motivate my employees by rewarding appropriately for the time they dedicate to the company, offering annual pay increments (Christiansen, 1983) and showing appreciation through complimenting on a job that’s been well done. Assigning a manageable amount of work to each employee would also motivate him/her to work well. Lastly, it’s important to engage in casual conversations with employees and try to learn something about every one (Noe,

Different Proportion of M&M Candies in Each Colour between Two Sample Research Paper

Different Proportion of M&M Candies in Each Colour between Two Sample Proportions - Research Paper Example There were 1535 blue candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of blue candies is 0.2087. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.1994, 0.218). There were 1587 orange candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of orange candies is 0.2157. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.2063,0.2251). There were 1320 green candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of green candies is 0.1794. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.1707, 0.1882). There were 925 yellow candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of yellow candies is 0.1257. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.1182, 0.1333). There were 990 red candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of red candies is 0.1346. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.1268, 0.1424). There were 999 brown candies in the bag out of 7356 candies and the proportion of brown candies is 0.1358. The 95% Confidence Interval is (0.128, 0.1436).The sample size in estimating the proportion is 438. In testing w hether the given sample proportion of blue candies (0.2087) matches with the population proportion 0.24 of blue candies. The hypothesis is rejected (Z=-6.291) since the observed value is less than the expected value -1.96. Hence there is a significant difference between the sample proportion and population proportion. In testing whether the given sample proportion of orange candies (0.2157) matches with the population proportion 0.2 of orange candies, the hypothesis is rejected (Z=3.3754) since an observed value is greater than the expected value 1.96. Hence there is a significant difference between the sample proportion of orange candies and population proportion of orange candies. In testing whether the given sample proportion of green candies (0.1794) matches with the population proportion 0.16 of green candies, the hypothesis is rejected (Z=4.5492) since the observed value is greater than the expected value 1.96.

Small-business owner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Small-business owner - Research Paper Example A labor-relations strategy involves identifying the goals in labor relations that are desired by both the labor and the management. They could be picked out individually or jointly. A strategy to meet these goals will then be identified (Slaughter, 2008). This could be a collaboration strategy or compliance strategy, or a combination of both collaboration and compliance (Noe, 2007). Actions necessary to carry out that strategy will then be developed. As a manager, I would motivate my employees by rewarding appropriately for the time they dedicate to the company, offering annual pay increments (Christiansen, 1983) and showing appreciation through complimenting on a job that’s been well done. Assigning a manageable amount of work to each employee would also motivate him/her to work well. Lastly, it’s important to engage in casual conversations with employees and try to learn something about every one (Noe,

Los Angeles Independent Media Causes Essay Example for Free

Los Angeles Independent Media Causes Essay The Los Angeles Independent Media Center is a website that allows for left wing issues to be reported and shared on the web for all to see. They have over two dozen different categories that people have reported on ranging from animal rights and anti-war to immigration and indigenous rights and issues. Arizona has a proportionally large number of illegal immigrants working in the state just like California. Naturally this was one of the categories that caught my eye. When reading some of the article I came across a story from 2007. It was a march in Los Angeles (LA) in which mostly immigrants participated. They were marching because they wanted to be treated just as fairly as the legal citizens of the United States. They preached that they have been working just as hard to contribute to the economy of this country. There are two sides to any story and this is true in this case as well. On one hand they are doing the jobs that normal Americans do not want to do but others argue that they are here illegally and should not have the same rights as legal Americans. These two sides will be debated for years to come until someone can come up with a reasonable solution that will satisfy both side. The idea of illegal â€Å"under the table† help is too engrained within our society that it would be impossible to eliminate the issue over night. Not only are illegal immigrants fighting for their rights, but in some cases so are Americans. In California Wal-Mart would contract with temporary job agencies to fill jobs working in warehouses. These workers can be exposed to toxic chemicals and extreme heat conditions. They are also sometimes not given the wages that they were promised. Because Wal-Mart uses third party companies to supply the labor they have in the part denied any wrong doing in the situation. Of course in this case there are no unions to represent the workers and them facing the threat of losing their job if they express their dissatisfaction of their working conditions. Some groups are not even worried with the thought of having a job; they just want to protect areas that have existed for hundreds of years. Kuruvungna means: â€Å"A place where we are in the sun† in the Tongva language. For thousands of years the Tongva people lived here in relative peace and harmony with their environment until the European invasion of the Americas. (Sunday, 2012) In 1992 a group of environmentalists was able to secure a piece of land that was located on a public school’s property for the low cost of one dollar a year. This piece of property contained a natural spring that once belonged to the Tongva people before they were forcefully removed. The spring is said to have natural healing powers as well as native fish species, fresh water crayfish, a 200 year old Mexican Cypress tree, oak trees, hummingbird sage and other native grasses. The group is trying to secure another long term lease for the same price. One of the more controversial issues of our times is the use of genetically modified foods for consumption. These foods consist of simple fruits and vegetable to more complex animals like cows and pigs. One major reason behind this is that scientists can modify items to produce more nutrient rich foods for consumption. Scientists can also produce animals that can be modified to produce medicine, organs for transplant, meat or even engineered pets. It seems like a good idea to have enough organs and such to go around so that way no one would have to wait for a transplant and in the long run saving human lives. The biggest debate is to determine whether a human life is more important than that of an animal. This debate has been going on for some time now and will probably keep going on especially since the US Food and Drug Administration has taken steps to allow for the sale of genetically engineered animals. One of the biggest issues we have in America is politicians supporting special interest groups and not the constituents they were elected to represent. The City of Fullerton California was faced with a lawsuit from a construction company after denying the company’s proposal to develop a more suburban sprawl in one of the last bits of natural ecosystems in Orange County. Initially the city council had voted to deny the request from the company. In a strange turn of events, a year later the city voted to settle with the company and approve the proposal. Currently citizens have collected signatures to get a referendum on the next ballot to hopefully overturn the city’s decision. Every year across the country we hear about budget cuts in the education system. Along with the cuts we also hear of colleges increasing tuition to cover basic costs. So the question remains how can a school cut costs because it does not have money yet at the same time raise tuition? People finally had enough and all across the country students were walking out of class in protest and joined their community members in protests at superintendents’ offices, city councils and board meetings to express their concern with all of the cuts that have happened. In recent months teachers have joined the effort, which has become inspiring that they seem to not have a concern for their jobs while they protest. Alas, the protests have had little success as we still see cuts being made and tuition is still being raised semester after semester. America is in the middle of a war and with that comes anti-war protests. Different groups have tried to use different tactics to draw attention to their cause. One group protests on thanksgiving while others have protested on Christmas ask the question: what would Jesus choose? One of the more powerful messages came from a group back in 2009. They staged a mock funeral precession honoring those American and Iraqi people who have died during the war time period. These protests have been so powerful that the president vowed to end the war if he was elected. The baby boomer generation has grown up with the knowledge that if they want their voice heard then they organize a protest or a walk. After a bad statement from a Canadian police officer in 2001, large groups of women took to the streets to get the word out about sexual assaults. The groups organized what they called a â€Å"Slut Walk. It is one of those situations in which they should have thought about how the name of their walk could be portrayed within the community. These walks have occurred throughout the world to include the US, Canada, UK, Australia and several European countries. These walks have had support from several large human rights groups such as Planned Parenthood, CA National Organization for Women and Peace over Violence. There are many different subjects for people to post article on that would spark criminal acts and public disorder. These subjects include Anti-War, Class War, Immigration, Police State, and Racism. These are all catalysts for groups to recruit people who believe in their cause. The best part about the website is that people can post at any time they wish. It also helps that the website has multiple links to other cities, states and foreign countries similar websites. This is crucial because it does not bog down the website with data and provides a worldwide platform for left wing issues and causes.

Natural Recycling of Aggregate

Natural Recycling of Aggregate Introduction For many years peoples have been trying to keep the environmental clean and mention the natural balance of life. The scientific studies provide us the information and methods to achieve these objectives and the recycling of waste and by product materials represent the main role in these studies [1-4]. As a result of reconstruction of existing buildings and pavements, wars and natural disasters such as earthquakes the amount of construction and demolition materials are increasing every year. At the same time approval of additional facilities for waste disposal or treatment are become more difficult to obtain. Furthermore increasing restrictive environmental regulations have made waste disposal more difficult and expensive. Also the available natural aggregate in some countries decreases and may be become insufficient for the construction projects in these countries in the future [5]. So, the reuse of construction and demolition materials in construction has benefits not only in reducing the amount of materials requiring disposal but also can provide construction materials with significant saving of the original materials. According to the third Building Waste Monitoring Report [6], there is an increase in the recorded amount of building waste in the sectors of the building debris, road scarification and building site waste. It has arisen in Germany by 11.5 million tons, from 77.1 million tons in the period 1997/1998 to 88.6 million tons in the period 1999/2000. According to Rahlwes and Schmidt [7, 8], for concrete only, the annual crushed concrete quantity in west Germany only is about 30 million tones and in the European Union is approximately 130 million ton. Due to intensive building activities in the last decades, these amounts are expected to considerably increase after the year 2000. The properties of recycled coarse aggregate with a grain size above 4 mm and its reuse in concrete production and pavements construction have been evaluated and described in many. It has been estimated that approximately 50 million tons of concrete are currently demolished each year in the European Economic Communities [1], Equivalent figures are 60 million tons in the United States ([2], [3]), and in Japan [12] the total quantity of concrete debris available for recycling on some scale is about 10 to 12 million tons. Very little demolished concrete is currently recycled or reused anywhere in the world. The small quantity which is recovered is mainly reused as unstabilized base or subbase in highway construction. The rest is dumped or disposed of as fill. For Environmental and other reasons the number of readily accessible disposal sites around major cities in the world has decreased in recent years. Both disposals volume and maximum sizes of wastes have been restricted. In Japan disposal charges from USD 3 to 10 per ton are not uncommon. Moreover, distances between demolition sites and disposal areas have become larger and transportation costs higher. At the same time critical shortages of good natural aggregate is developing in many urban areas, and distances between deposits of natural material and sites of new construction have grown larger, and transportation costs have become correspondingly higher, It is estimated that between now and year 2,000, three times more demolished concrete will be generated each year than is today. For these reasons it can be foreseen that demolition contractors will come under considerable economic and other pressure to process demolished concrete for reuse as unscreened gravel, base and subbase materials, aggregates for production of new concrete or for other useful purposes. Large-scale recycling of demolished concrete will contribute not only to the solution of a growing waste disposal problem. It will also help to conserve natural resources of sand and gravel and to secure future supply of reasonably priced aggregates for building and road construction purposes within large urban areas of the world. Applications of Recycled Aggregate The recycled concrete aggregate shown in Figure 1.1 can be defined as crushed concrete composed of aggregate fragments coated with cement paste or cement mortar from the demolition of the old structures or pavements that has been processed to produce aggregates suitable for use in new concrete. The processing, as with many natural aggregates, generally involves crushing, grading and washing. This removes contaminant materials such as reinforcing steel, remnants of formwork, gypsum board, and other foreign materials. The resulting coarse aggregate is then suitable for use in concrete. The fine aggregate, however, generally contains a considerable amount of old cement paste and mortar. This tends to increase the drying shrinkage and creep properties of the new concrete, as well as leading to problems with unworkable mix and strength. Therefore, many transportation departments have found that using 100% coarse recycled aggregate but with only about 10% to 20% recycled fines works well. Regarding the results of most of the previous research that has been done so far, the application of Recycled Aggregate is mostly currently in low quality/strength concrete, for example, pavement base and slab rather than used in structural concrete. The most common application of Recycled Concrete Aggregate is the use in concrete sub-base in road construction, bank protection, noise barriers and embankments, many types of general bulk fills and fill materials for drainage structures. After the removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and/or air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete can be used as new concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations; structural grade concrete; soil-cement pavement bases; moulded concrete bricks and blocks; bituminous concrete etc. However, there is an example of recycled concrete being used for part of the structural slabs in a high-rise building in Japan but there was no too much detail available on this project. According to research that has been conducted in Australia, current use of recycled aggregates is still only around 7% of road construction material in South Australia. Victoria Road also use recycled aggregate for their road base construction projects in Victoria but MainRoads in Queensland does not currently. Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used as landfill. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country. Concrete Kerb and Gutter Mix Recycled aggregate have been used as concrete kerb and gutter mix in Australia. According to Building Innovation Construction Technology (1999), Stone says that the 10mm recycled aggregate and blended recycled sand are used for concrete kerb and gutter mix in the Lent hall Street project in Sydney. Granular Base Course Materials According to Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001), recycled aggregate are used as granular base course in the road construction. It also stated that recycled aggregate had proved that better than natural aggregate when used as granular base course in roads construction. They also found that when the road is built on the wet sub grade areas, recycled aggregate will stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for pavement structure construction. Embankment Fill Materials Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001) stated that recycled aggregate can be used in embankment fill. The reason for being able to use in embankment fill is same as it is used in granular base course construction. The embankment site is on the wet sub grade areas. Recycled aggregate can stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for the remaining works. Paving Blocks Recycled aggregate have been used as paving blocks in Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong Housing Department (n.d.), recycled aggregate are used as typical paving blocks. A trial project had been started to test the long – term performance of paving blocks made with recycled aggregate in 2002. Backfill Materials Recycled aggregate can be used as backfill materials. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) found that Norwegian Building Research Institute (n.d) mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used as backfill materials in the pipe zone along trenches after having testing in laboratory. Building Blocks Recycled aggregate used as building blocks. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) stated that Optiroc AS had used recycled aggregate to produce the masonry sound insulation blocks. The masonry sound insulation blocks that produced had met all the requirements during the laboratory testing. International Status Mehus and Lillestol (n.d.) stated that RESIBA had constructed a new high school in Sorumsand, outside the city of Oslo, Norway in 2001. Recycled concrete aggregate had been used in this project. Thirty – five percent of coarse aggregate were replaced by recycled concrete aggregate in the foundations, half of the basement walls and columns. Several tests were conducted based on fresh and hardened concrete properties and the results shown that the concrete with thirty – five percent of recycled concrete aggregate have good freeze – thaw resistance. The use of recycled concrete aggregate did not shown any noticeable increase in cracking. According to Grubl, Nealen and Schmidt (n.d.), there is a building project, the â€Å"Waldspirale† by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, made from concrete with recycled aggregate in Darmstadf from November 1998 to September 1999. Numerous tests were evaluated for freshly missed and also hardened concrete properties. The result shown that the consistency controlled method for concrete with recycled aggregate is applicable. And it leads to concrete of equal quality when compared with concrete made from natural aggregate. According to Regain (1993/94), recycled aggregate were used as capping and sub-base layers in housing development at North Bracknell, UK in 1993/94. Visual inspections and condition surveys were carried out by using the falling weight deflectometer in 1998. The result shown that the sections with recycled aggregate did not show any difference in appearance compared to the sections that using natural aggregate. The tests gave the larger values of elastic modulus in the recycled aggregate sections. According to Regain (2001), footway paving slabs are being replaced gradually in London Borough of Bexley. Recycled aggregate are used as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix with a 12:1 aggregate to cement mix Advantages There are many advantages through using the recycled aggregate. The advantages that occur through usage of recycled aggregate are listed below. Environmental Gain The major advantage is based on the environmental gain. According to CSIRO (n.d.), construction and demolition waste makes up to around 40% of the total waste each year (estimate around 14 million tones) going to land fill. Through recycled these material, it can keep diminishing the resources of urban aggregated. Therefore, natural aggregate can be used in higher –grade applications. Save Energy The recycling process can be done on site. According to Kajima Technical Research Institute (2002), Kajima is developing a method of recycling crushed concrete that used in the construction, known as the Within-Site Recycling System. Everything can be done on the construction site through this system, from the process of recycled aggregate, manufacture and use them. This can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Cost Secondly is based on the cost. The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. According to PATH Technology Inventory (n.d.), the costs of recycled concrete aggregate are sold around $3.50 to $7.00 per cubic yard. It depends on the aggregate size limitation and local availability. This is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate. Concrete Network (n.d) stated that recycling concrete from the demolition projects can saves the costs of transporting the concrete to the land fill (around $0.25 per ton/ mile), and the cost of disposal (around $100 per ton). Beside that, Aggregate Advisory Service (n.d.) also state that the recycling site may accept the segregates materials at lower cost than landfill without tax levy and recycled aggregate can be used at lower prices than primary aggregate in the construction works. Job Opportunities There will be many people involved in this new technology, such as specialized and skilled persons, general workers, drivers and etc. According to Scottish Executive (2004), a Scottish Market Development Program is developed. The purpose of this program is to recycle the materials that arising in Scotland. This program will provide 150 new jobs in the Scottish industry. Sustainability The amount of waste materials used for landfill will be reducing through usage of recycled aggregate. This will reduce the amount of quarrying. Therefore this will extend the lives of natural resources and also extend the lives of sites that using for landfill. Market is Wide The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization (n.d), recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fill. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unstabilized base and permeable bases. Disadvantages Although there are many advantages by using recycled aggregate. But there are still some disadvantages in recycled aggregate. Hard to have permit Jacobsen (1999) stated that it is hard to get the permit for the machinery that needed air permit or permit to operate during the recycling process. These has to depend on the local or state regulations whether this technology is implemented or not. Lack of Specification and Guidelines According to Kawano (n.d), there is no specification or any guideline when using recycled concrete aggregate in the constructions. In many cases, the strength characteristic will not meet the requirement when using recycled concrete aggregate. Therefore, more testing should be considered when using recycled concrete aggregate. Water Pollution The recycled process will cause water pollution. Morris of National Ready Mix Concrete Association (n.d) had mentioned that the wash out water with the high pH is a serious environmental issue. According to Building Green (1993), the alkalinity level of wash water from the recycling plants is pH12. This water is toxic to the fish and other aquatic life. Project Aim The aim for this on – going project is to determine the strength characteristic of recycled aggregate for application in high strength structural concrete, which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with recycled aggregate, where can be an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. Project Scope Review and research of recycled aggregate. Construct the concrete specimens by using different percentage of recycled aggregate. Investigation and laboratory testing on high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Analysis the results and recommendation for further research area. Dissertation Overview This dissertation is structured in the following format. Chapter 2 provides a review of relevant literature, overview of recycling process, as well as comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate. This chapter also discussed the previous investigation and testing done with recycled aggregate. Chapter 3 includes the preliminary design and information on the recycled  aggregate testing and design of the concrete mix. Chapter 4 describes the experimental methodology carried out in order to obtain the required data. Chapter 5 discusses the results and analysis of all experimental results obtained from the testing procedures. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the research and recommendations on further work. Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Conventional concrete aggregate consists of sand (fine aggregate) and various sizes and shapes of gravel or stones. However, there is a growing interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as a potential use for recycled materials. While there is significant research on many different materials for aggregate substitutes (such as granulated coal ash, blast furnace slag or various solid wastes including fiberglass waste materials, granulated plastics, paper and wood products / wastes, sintered sludge pellets and others), the only two that have been significantly applied are glass cullet and crushed recycled concrete itself. Even though aggregate typically accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is commonly thought of as inert filler having little effect on the finished concrete properties. However, research has shown that aggregate in fact plays a substantial role in determining workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. Also, aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture. Certain aggregate parameters are known to be important for engineered-use concrete: hardness, strength, and durability. The aggregate must be clean, without absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine materials in concentrations that could alter the hydration and bond of the cement paste. It is important to note the difference between aggregate and cement, because some materials have found use both as a cementitious material and as aggregate (such as certain blast furnace slags). Materials that have been researched or applied only as cement substitutes are addressed in another Technology Inventory article Cement Substitutes. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability, durability and resistance to saturated freeze-thaw action. The compressive strength varies with the compressive strength of the original concrete and the water-cement ratio of the new concrete. It has been found that concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate has at least two-thirds the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of natural aggregate concrete. Field-testing has shown that crushed and screened waste glass may be used as a sand substitute in concrete. Nearly all waste glass can be used in concrete applications, including glass that is unsuitable for uses such as glass bottle recycling. Some of the specific glass waste materials that have found use as fine aggregate are non-recyclable clear window glass and fluorescent bulbs with very small amounts of contaminants. Possible applications for such waste-glass concrete are bike paths, footpaths, gutters and similar non-structural work. Lack of widespread reliable data on aggregate substitutes can hinder its use. To design consistent, durable recycled aggregate concrete, more testing is required to account for variations in the aggregate properties. Also, recycled aggregate generally has a higher absorption and a lower specific gravity than conventional aggregate. Research has revealed that the 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of recycled aggregate concrete are generally lower than values for conventional concrete. Moreover, recycled aggregates may be contaminated with residual quantities of sulfate from contact with sulfate rich soil and chloride ions from marine exposure. Glass aggregate in concrete can be problematic due to the alkali silica reaction between the cement paste and the glass aggregate, which over time can lead to weakened concrete and decreased long-term durability. Research has been done on types of glass and other additives to stop or decrease the alkali silica reaction and thereby maintain finished concrete strength. However, further research is still needed before glass cullet can be used in structural concrete applications. The applications of recycled aggregate in highway construction as a road base material are very board and have been in use for almost 100 years. There has been much research based on the use of recycled aggregate that has been carried out all around the world. The research on recycled aggregate that has been carried out indicated that the successful application of crushed aggregate in concrete can be achieved. This successful research has been achieved in many countries, in particular in Europe; United States; Japan and China. This chapter presents literature reviews on the effects of various factors on the recycled aggregate from research from those countries. The major objective of most of the experiments or research on recycled aggregate is to find out the results in the strength characteristic area and what is the best method to achieve high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Strengths of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made Using Field- Demolished Concrete as Aggregate Tavakoli M. (1996) studied the compressive; splitting tensile and flexural strengths of 100% recycled coarse aggregate concrete and 100% natural sand to compare them with normal concrete made of natural crushed stone. The water-cement ratio was 0.3 and 0.4 in the concrete mix design. The test result shows the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of RCA are little higher than the natural aggregate at the same size of 25.4mm at 28-day specimen. This indicates that if the compressive strength of the original concrete that is being recycled is higher than that of the control concrete, then the recycled aggregate concrete can also be made to achieve higher compressive strength than the control concrete. The results also indicates increase L.A. abrasion loss and water absorption capacity of recycled aggregates, which partly reflect the increased amount of water, adhering to the original stone aggregate, generally lead to reduced compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Dhir et al. (1998) studied the effect of the cleanliness and percentage of the replacement of RCA. They found out that the degree of cleanliness of aggregate has significantly affected on the results of the properties of both the plastic and hardened concrete. The workability and compressive strengths both were lower than the quarried aggregate from 17% to 78% depending on the percentage of replacement of RCA. The results also indicated recycled aggregate has very high air content. Limbachiya and Leelawat (2000) found that recycled concrete aggregate had 7 to 9% lower relative density and 2 times higher water absorption than natural aggregate. According to their test results, it shown that there was no effect with the replacement of 30% coarse recycled concrete aggregate used on the ceiling strength of concrete. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate could be used in high strength concrete mixes with the recycled concrete aggregate content in the concrete. Sagoe, Brown and Taylor (2002) stated that the difference between the characteristic of fresh and hardened recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete is relatively narrower than reported for laboratory crush recycled aggregate concrete mixes. There was no difference at the 5% significance level in concrete compressive and tensile strength of recycled concrete and control normal concrete made from natural aggregate. Limbachiya (2003) found that there is no effect by using up to 30% of coarse recycled concrete aggregate on the standard 100mm concrete cube compressive strength. But when the percentage of recycled concrete aggregate used increased, the compressive strength was reducing. Behavior of Construction and Demolition Debris in Base and Subbase Application Pappjr et al (1998) studied using recycled aggregates in Base and Subbase applications. They found that recycled concrete yielded higher resilient modulus than the dense graded aggregate currently used. Furthermore, the results have been shown that recycled concrete have less permanent deformation than dense graded aggregate. They concluded that recycled concrete could be a valuable alternative to natural materials for base and subbase applications. Influence of recycled aggregate quality on concrete properties Sanchez de Juan et al. (2000) studied what is the maximum percentage, from 20% to 100%, replacement of recycled aggregate in concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength of recycled concrete is lower than that of a control concrete with equal water/cement ratio and same cement content. Recycled concretes with a percentage of recycled coarse aggregate lower than 50% show decreases in the range 5-10%, while for concretes with 100% recycled aggregates, decreases ranged from 10-15%. Experimental results also indicated that properties of conventional concretes and recycled concretes with same compressive strength when less than 20% of recycled coarse aggregate are used. The exception being modulus of elasticity was decreased until 10% can be found in recycled concretes. When the percentage of recycled aggregate is lower than 50%, tensile strength and drying shrinkage of recycled concrete is similar to conventional concrete with same compressive strength. As a result of the testing, all properties of concrete with a 100% of recycled coarse aggregate are affected. Some studies on durability of recycled aggregate concrete Mandal et al. (2002) studied the durability of recycled aggregate concrete and found that recycled aggregate had less durability than natural aggregate. However, when 10 percent replacement of cement by fly ash was used with recycled aggregate, the durability observed was increased. It significantly improved the compressive strength up to 46.5MPa, reduced shrinkage and increased durability to a level comparable to natural aggregate. Therefore, the results of this study provide a strong support for the feasibility of using recycled aggregate instead of natural aggregate for the production of concrete. Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and Blocks Poon et al. (2002) developed a technique to produce concrete bricks and paving blocks from recycled aggregates. The test result showed that replacing natural aggregate by 25% to 50% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. The transverse strength increased as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The concrete paving blocks with a 28-day compressive strength of at least 49MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash by using up to 100% recycled aggregate. According to the study, recycled aggregate has been used in structural engineering. For example, a viaduct and marine loch in the Netherlands in 1998 and an office building in England in 1999. The project in the Netherlands had shown that 20 percent of the coarse aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate. The project also indicated even there are some disadvantage of recycled aggregate such as being too weak, more porous and that it has a very higher value of water absorption. However, the study showed that these weaknesses could be avoided by using mechanized moulded concrete bricks. The workability also could be improved by poring the mix into the mould. Therefore, the performance of the bricks and blocks was also satisfactory in the shrinkage and skid resistance tests. Concrete with Recycled materials as Coarse Aggregates: Shrinkage and Creep Behavior Tawrwe et al. (1999) compared limestone aggregate with concrete rubble. They found the concrete rubble had a very high water absorption compared to the limestone aggregate (0.74% against 6.83% of dry mass). Furthermore the porous aggregate absorbed water slowly in some tests. For example, it was difficult to determine accurately the amount of water that had to be added to obtain suitable workability. The critical shrinkage of the limestone aggregate concrete was higher than the concrete rubble, but after a year the shrinkage was greater for the concrete rubble based aggregate. Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate Katz (2004) stated two methods to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates. The superplasticizer (1% weight of silica fume) was added to the solution of 10L of water and 1 kg raw silica fume to ensure proper ispersion of silica fume particles. After the silica fume impregnation, the SF treatment seems to improve significantly the compressive strength up to 51MPa at ranged from 23% to 33% at 7 days of the recycled aggregate concrete. Ultrasonic cleaning of the recycled aggregate to remove the loose particles and improve the bond between the new cement paste and the recycled aggregate, which, in turn, increased 7% of strength. Kantawong and Laksana (1998) mentioned that the fineness modulus and percentage of water absorption used instead with the recycled aggregate is higher than natural aggregate. The results of compressive strength of added reduce water admixture concrete is higher than the one that not added reduce water admixture concrete, ane the compressive strength of concrete produced that using recycled aggregate is higher than concrete using natural coarse aggregate. Sawamoto and Takehino (2000) found that the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be increased by using Pozzolanic material that can absorb the water. Mandal (2002) stated that adjusted the water/cement ratio when using recycled concrete aggregate during the concrete mixing can improved the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete specimens. From the obtained result, recycled aggregate concrete specimens had the same engineering and durability performance when compared to the concrete specimens made by natural aggregate within 28days design strength. Chen and Kuan (2003) found that the strength of the concrete specimens was affected by the unwashed recycled aggregate in the concrete. The effect will more strange at the low water cement ratio. These effects can be improved by using the washed recycled aggregate. Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Reuse as Aggregate in Concrete Production Limbachiya (2004) studied the properties of recycled aggregate compared with natural aggregates and found out the density of RCA is typically 4-8% lower and water absorption 2-6 times higher. The results showed that a reduction in slump value with increasing RCA concrete mix. The results also slowed that up to 30% coarse RCA has no effect on the standard concrete cube strength but thereafter a gradual reduction with increasing RCA content occurs. This means that some adjustment is necessary of the water/cement ratio to achieve the equivalent strength with high proportions of RCA. Review on Recycled Process This section discusses the recycling process and method. Recycling Plant Recycling plant normally located in the suburbs of cities due to the noise pollution that make by t Natural Recycling of Aggregate Natural Recycling of Aggregate Introduction For many years peoples have been trying to keep the environmental clean and mention the natural balance of life. The scientific studies provide us the information and methods to achieve these objectives and the recycling of waste and by product materials represent the main role in these studies [1-4]. As a result of reconstruction of existing buildings and pavements, wars and natural disasters such as earthquakes the amount of construction and demolition materials are increasing every year. At the same time approval of additional facilities for waste disposal or treatment are become more difficult to obtain. Furthermore increasing restrictive environmental regulations have made waste disposal more difficult and expensive. Also the available natural aggregate in some countries decreases and may be become insufficient for the construction projects in these countries in the future [5]. So, the reuse of construction and demolition materials in construction has benefits not only in reducing the amount of materials requiring disposal but also can provide construction materials with significant saving of the original materials. According to the third Building Waste Monitoring Report [6], there is an increase in the recorded amount of building waste in the sectors of the building debris, road scarification and building site waste. It has arisen in Germany by 11.5 million tons, from 77.1 million tons in the period 1997/1998 to 88.6 million tons in the period 1999/2000. According to Rahlwes and Schmidt [7, 8], for concrete only, the annual crushed concrete quantity in west Germany only is about 30 million tones and in the European Union is approximately 130 million ton. Due to intensive building activities in the last decades, these amounts are expected to considerably increase after the year 2000. The properties of recycled coarse aggregate with a grain size above 4 mm and its reuse in concrete production and pavements construction have been evaluated and described in many. It has been estimated that approximately 50 million tons of concrete are currently demolished each year in the European Economic Communities [1], Equivalent figures are 60 million tons in the United States ([2], [3]), and in Japan [12] the total quantity of concrete debris available for recycling on some scale is about 10 to 12 million tons. Very little demolished concrete is currently recycled or reused anywhere in the world. The small quantity which is recovered is mainly reused as unstabilized base or subbase in highway construction. The rest is dumped or disposed of as fill. For Environmental and other reasons the number of readily accessible disposal sites around major cities in the world has decreased in recent years. Both disposals volume and maximum sizes of wastes have been restricted. In Japan disposal charges from USD 3 to 10 per ton are not uncommon. Moreover, distances between demolition sites and disposal areas have become larger and transportation costs higher. At the same time critical shortages of good natural aggregate is developing in many urban areas, and distances between deposits of natural material and sites of new construction have grown larger, and transportation costs have become correspondingly higher, It is estimated that between now and year 2,000, three times more demolished concrete will be generated each year than is today. For these reasons it can be foreseen that demolition contractors will come under considerable economic and other pressure to process demolished concrete for reuse as unscreened gravel, base and subbase materials, aggregates for production of new concrete or for other useful purposes. Large-scale recycling of demolished concrete will contribute not only to the solution of a growing waste disposal problem. It will also help to conserve natural resources of sand and gravel and to secure future supply of reasonably priced aggregates for building and road construction purposes within large urban areas of the world. Applications of Recycled Aggregate The recycled concrete aggregate shown in Figure 1.1 can be defined as crushed concrete composed of aggregate fragments coated with cement paste or cement mortar from the demolition of the old structures or pavements that has been processed to produce aggregates suitable for use in new concrete. The processing, as with many natural aggregates, generally involves crushing, grading and washing. This removes contaminant materials such as reinforcing steel, remnants of formwork, gypsum board, and other foreign materials. The resulting coarse aggregate is then suitable for use in concrete. The fine aggregate, however, generally contains a considerable amount of old cement paste and mortar. This tends to increase the drying shrinkage and creep properties of the new concrete, as well as leading to problems with unworkable mix and strength. Therefore, many transportation departments have found that using 100% coarse recycled aggregate but with only about 10% to 20% recycled fines works well. Regarding the results of most of the previous research that has been done so far, the application of Recycled Aggregate is mostly currently in low quality/strength concrete, for example, pavement base and slab rather than used in structural concrete. The most common application of Recycled Concrete Aggregate is the use in concrete sub-base in road construction, bank protection, noise barriers and embankments, many types of general bulk fills and fill materials for drainage structures. After the removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and/or air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete can be used as new concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations; structural grade concrete; soil-cement pavement bases; moulded concrete bricks and blocks; bituminous concrete etc. However, there is an example of recycled concrete being used for part of the structural slabs in a high-rise building in Japan but there was no too much detail available on this project. According to research that has been conducted in Australia, current use of recycled aggregates is still only around 7% of road construction material in South Australia. Victoria Road also use recycled aggregate for their road base construction projects in Victoria but MainRoads in Queensland does not currently. Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used as landfill. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country. Concrete Kerb and Gutter Mix Recycled aggregate have been used as concrete kerb and gutter mix in Australia. According to Building Innovation Construction Technology (1999), Stone says that the 10mm recycled aggregate and blended recycled sand are used for concrete kerb and gutter mix in the Lent hall Street project in Sydney. Granular Base Course Materials According to Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001), recycled aggregate are used as granular base course in the road construction. It also stated that recycled aggregate had proved that better than natural aggregate when used as granular base course in roads construction. They also found that when the road is built on the wet sub grade areas, recycled aggregate will stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for pavement structure construction. Embankment Fill Materials Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001) stated that recycled aggregate can be used in embankment fill. The reason for being able to use in embankment fill is same as it is used in granular base course construction. The embankment site is on the wet sub grade areas. Recycled aggregate can stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for the remaining works. Paving Blocks Recycled aggregate have been used as paving blocks in Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong Housing Department (n.d.), recycled aggregate are used as typical paving blocks. A trial project had been started to test the long – term performance of paving blocks made with recycled aggregate in 2002. Backfill Materials Recycled aggregate can be used as backfill materials. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) found that Norwegian Building Research Institute (n.d) mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used as backfill materials in the pipe zone along trenches after having testing in laboratory. Building Blocks Recycled aggregate used as building blocks. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) stated that Optiroc AS had used recycled aggregate to produce the masonry sound insulation blocks. The masonry sound insulation blocks that produced had met all the requirements during the laboratory testing. International Status Mehus and Lillestol (n.d.) stated that RESIBA had constructed a new high school in Sorumsand, outside the city of Oslo, Norway in 2001. Recycled concrete aggregate had been used in this project. Thirty – five percent of coarse aggregate were replaced by recycled concrete aggregate in the foundations, half of the basement walls and columns. Several tests were conducted based on fresh and hardened concrete properties and the results shown that the concrete with thirty – five percent of recycled concrete aggregate have good freeze – thaw resistance. The use of recycled concrete aggregate did not shown any noticeable increase in cracking. According to Grubl, Nealen and Schmidt (n.d.), there is a building project, the â€Å"Waldspirale† by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, made from concrete with recycled aggregate in Darmstadf from November 1998 to September 1999. Numerous tests were evaluated for freshly missed and also hardened concrete properties. The result shown that the consistency controlled method for concrete with recycled aggregate is applicable. And it leads to concrete of equal quality when compared with concrete made from natural aggregate. According to Regain (1993/94), recycled aggregate were used as capping and sub-base layers in housing development at North Bracknell, UK in 1993/94. Visual inspections and condition surveys were carried out by using the falling weight deflectometer in 1998. The result shown that the sections with recycled aggregate did not show any difference in appearance compared to the sections that using natural aggregate. The tests gave the larger values of elastic modulus in the recycled aggregate sections. According to Regain (2001), footway paving slabs are being replaced gradually in London Borough of Bexley. Recycled aggregate are used as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix with a 12:1 aggregate to cement mix Advantages There are many advantages through using the recycled aggregate. The advantages that occur through usage of recycled aggregate are listed below. Environmental Gain The major advantage is based on the environmental gain. According to CSIRO (n.d.), construction and demolition waste makes up to around 40% of the total waste each year (estimate around 14 million tones) going to land fill. Through recycled these material, it can keep diminishing the resources of urban aggregated. Therefore, natural aggregate can be used in higher –grade applications. Save Energy The recycling process can be done on site. According to Kajima Technical Research Institute (2002), Kajima is developing a method of recycling crushed concrete that used in the construction, known as the Within-Site Recycling System. Everything can be done on the construction site through this system, from the process of recycled aggregate, manufacture and use them. This can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Cost Secondly is based on the cost. The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. According to PATH Technology Inventory (n.d.), the costs of recycled concrete aggregate are sold around $3.50 to $7.00 per cubic yard. It depends on the aggregate size limitation and local availability. This is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate. Concrete Network (n.d) stated that recycling concrete from the demolition projects can saves the costs of transporting the concrete to the land fill (around $0.25 per ton/ mile), and the cost of disposal (around $100 per ton). Beside that, Aggregate Advisory Service (n.d.) also state that the recycling site may accept the segregates materials at lower cost than landfill without tax levy and recycled aggregate can be used at lower prices than primary aggregate in the construction works. Job Opportunities There will be many people involved in this new technology, such as specialized and skilled persons, general workers, drivers and etc. According to Scottish Executive (2004), a Scottish Market Development Program is developed. The purpose of this program is to recycle the materials that arising in Scotland. This program will provide 150 new jobs in the Scottish industry. Sustainability The amount of waste materials used for landfill will be reducing through usage of recycled aggregate. This will reduce the amount of quarrying. Therefore this will extend the lives of natural resources and also extend the lives of sites that using for landfill. Market is Wide The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization (n.d), recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fill. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unstabilized base and permeable bases. Disadvantages Although there are many advantages by using recycled aggregate. But there are still some disadvantages in recycled aggregate. Hard to have permit Jacobsen (1999) stated that it is hard to get the permit for the machinery that needed air permit or permit to operate during the recycling process. These has to depend on the local or state regulations whether this technology is implemented or not. Lack of Specification and Guidelines According to Kawano (n.d), there is no specification or any guideline when using recycled concrete aggregate in the constructions. In many cases, the strength characteristic will not meet the requirement when using recycled concrete aggregate. Therefore, more testing should be considered when using recycled concrete aggregate. Water Pollution The recycled process will cause water pollution. Morris of National Ready Mix Concrete Association (n.d) had mentioned that the wash out water with the high pH is a serious environmental issue. According to Building Green (1993), the alkalinity level of wash water from the recycling plants is pH12. This water is toxic to the fish and other aquatic life. Project Aim The aim for this on – going project is to determine the strength characteristic of recycled aggregate for application in high strength structural concrete, which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with recycled aggregate, where can be an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. Project Scope Review and research of recycled aggregate. Construct the concrete specimens by using different percentage of recycled aggregate. Investigation and laboratory testing on high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Analysis the results and recommendation for further research area. Dissertation Overview This dissertation is structured in the following format. Chapter 2 provides a review of relevant literature, overview of recycling process, as well as comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate. This chapter also discussed the previous investigation and testing done with recycled aggregate. Chapter 3 includes the preliminary design and information on the recycled  aggregate testing and design of the concrete mix. Chapter 4 describes the experimental methodology carried out in order to obtain the required data. Chapter 5 discusses the results and analysis of all experimental results obtained from the testing procedures. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the research and recommendations on further work. Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Conventional concrete aggregate consists of sand (fine aggregate) and various sizes and shapes of gravel or stones. However, there is a growing interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as a potential use for recycled materials. While there is significant research on many different materials for aggregate substitutes (such as granulated coal ash, blast furnace slag or various solid wastes including fiberglass waste materials, granulated plastics, paper and wood products / wastes, sintered sludge pellets and others), the only two that have been significantly applied are glass cullet and crushed recycled concrete itself. Even though aggregate typically accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is commonly thought of as inert filler having little effect on the finished concrete properties. However, research has shown that aggregate in fact plays a substantial role in determining workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. Also, aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture. Certain aggregate parameters are known to be important for engineered-use concrete: hardness, strength, and durability. The aggregate must be clean, without absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine materials in concentrations that could alter the hydration and bond of the cement paste. It is important to note the difference between aggregate and cement, because some materials have found use both as a cementitious material and as aggregate (such as certain blast furnace slags). Materials that have been researched or applied only as cement substitutes are addressed in another Technology Inventory article Cement Substitutes. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability, durability and resistance to saturated freeze-thaw action. The compressive strength varies with the compressive strength of the original concrete and the water-cement ratio of the new concrete. It has been found that concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate has at least two-thirds the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of natural aggregate concrete. Field-testing has shown that crushed and screened waste glass may be used as a sand substitute in concrete. Nearly all waste glass can be used in concrete applications, including glass that is unsuitable for uses such as glass bottle recycling. Some of the specific glass waste materials that have found use as fine aggregate are non-recyclable clear window glass and fluorescent bulbs with very small amounts of contaminants. Possible applications for such waste-glass concrete are bike paths, footpaths, gutters and similar non-structural work. Lack of widespread reliable data on aggregate substitutes can hinder its use. To design consistent, durable recycled aggregate concrete, more testing is required to account for variations in the aggregate properties. Also, recycled aggregate generally has a higher absorption and a lower specific gravity than conventional aggregate. Research has revealed that the 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of recycled aggregate concrete are generally lower than values for conventional concrete. Moreover, recycled aggregates may be contaminated with residual quantities of sulfate from contact with sulfate rich soil and chloride ions from marine exposure. Glass aggregate in concrete can be problematic due to the alkali silica reaction between the cement paste and the glass aggregate, which over time can lead to weakened concrete and decreased long-term durability. Research has been done on types of glass and other additives to stop or decrease the alkali silica reaction and thereby maintain finished concrete strength. However, further research is still needed before glass cullet can be used in structural concrete applications. The applications of recycled aggregate in highway construction as a road base material are very board and have been in use for almost 100 years. There has been much research based on the use of recycled aggregate that has been carried out all around the world. The research on recycled aggregate that has been carried out indicated that the successful application of crushed aggregate in concrete can be achieved. This successful research has been achieved in many countries, in particular in Europe; United States; Japan and China. This chapter presents literature reviews on the effects of various factors on the recycled aggregate from research from those countries. The major objective of most of the experiments or research on recycled aggregate is to find out the results in the strength characteristic area and what is the best method to achieve high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Strengths of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made Using Field- Demolished Concrete as Aggregate Tavakoli M. (1996) studied the compressive; splitting tensile and flexural strengths of 100% recycled coarse aggregate concrete and 100% natural sand to compare them with normal concrete made of natural crushed stone. The water-cement ratio was 0.3 and 0.4 in the concrete mix design. The test result shows the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of RCA are little higher than the natural aggregate at the same size of 25.4mm at 28-day specimen. This indicates that if the compressive strength of the original concrete that is being recycled is higher than that of the control concrete, then the recycled aggregate concrete can also be made to achieve higher compressive strength than the control concrete. The results also indicates increase L.A. abrasion loss and water absorption capacity of recycled aggregates, which partly reflect the increased amount of water, adhering to the original stone aggregate, generally lead to reduced compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Dhir et al. (1998) studied the effect of the cleanliness and percentage of the replacement of RCA. They found out that the degree of cleanliness of aggregate has significantly affected on the results of the properties of both the plastic and hardened concrete. The workability and compressive strengths both were lower than the quarried aggregate from 17% to 78% depending on the percentage of replacement of RCA. The results also indicated recycled aggregate has very high air content. Limbachiya and Leelawat (2000) found that recycled concrete aggregate had 7 to 9% lower relative density and 2 times higher water absorption than natural aggregate. According to their test results, it shown that there was no effect with the replacement of 30% coarse recycled concrete aggregate used on the ceiling strength of concrete. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate could be used in high strength concrete mixes with the recycled concrete aggregate content in the concrete. Sagoe, Brown and Taylor (2002) stated that the difference between the characteristic of fresh and hardened recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete is relatively narrower than reported for laboratory crush recycled aggregate concrete mixes. There was no difference at the 5% significance level in concrete compressive and tensile strength of recycled concrete and control normal concrete made from natural aggregate. Limbachiya (2003) found that there is no effect by using up to 30% of coarse recycled concrete aggregate on the standard 100mm concrete cube compressive strength. But when the percentage of recycled concrete aggregate used increased, the compressive strength was reducing. Behavior of Construction and Demolition Debris in Base and Subbase Application Pappjr et al (1998) studied using recycled aggregates in Base and Subbase applications. They found that recycled concrete yielded higher resilient modulus than the dense graded aggregate currently used. Furthermore, the results have been shown that recycled concrete have less permanent deformation than dense graded aggregate. They concluded that recycled concrete could be a valuable alternative to natural materials for base and subbase applications. Influence of recycled aggregate quality on concrete properties Sanchez de Juan et al. (2000) studied what is the maximum percentage, from 20% to 100%, replacement of recycled aggregate in concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength of recycled concrete is lower than that of a control concrete with equal water/cement ratio and same cement content. Recycled concretes with a percentage of recycled coarse aggregate lower than 50% show decreases in the range 5-10%, while for concretes with 100% recycled aggregates, decreases ranged from 10-15%. Experimental results also indicated that properties of conventional concretes and recycled concretes with same compressive strength when less than 20% of recycled coarse aggregate are used. The exception being modulus of elasticity was decreased until 10% can be found in recycled concretes. When the percentage of recycled aggregate is lower than 50%, tensile strength and drying shrinkage of recycled concrete is similar to conventional concrete with same compressive strength. As a result of the testing, all properties of concrete with a 100% of recycled coarse aggregate are affected. Some studies on durability of recycled aggregate concrete Mandal et al. (2002) studied the durability of recycled aggregate concrete and found that recycled aggregate had less durability than natural aggregate. However, when 10 percent replacement of cement by fly ash was used with recycled aggregate, the durability observed was increased. It significantly improved the compressive strength up to 46.5MPa, reduced shrinkage and increased durability to a level comparable to natural aggregate. Therefore, the results of this study provide a strong support for the feasibility of using recycled aggregate instead of natural aggregate for the production of concrete. Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and Blocks Poon et al. (2002) developed a technique to produce concrete bricks and paving blocks from recycled aggregates. The test result showed that replacing natural aggregate by 25% to 50% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. The transverse strength increased as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The concrete paving blocks with a 28-day compressive strength of at least 49MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash by using up to 100% recycled aggregate. According to the study, recycled aggregate has been used in structural engineering. For example, a viaduct and marine loch in the Netherlands in 1998 and an office building in England in 1999. The project in the Netherlands had shown that 20 percent of the coarse aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate. The project also indicated even there are some disadvantage of recycled aggregate such as being too weak, more porous and that it has a very higher value of water absorption. However, the study showed that these weaknesses could be avoided by using mechanized moulded concrete bricks. The workability also could be improved by poring the mix into the mould. Therefore, the performance of the bricks and blocks was also satisfactory in the shrinkage and skid resistance tests. Concrete with Recycled materials as Coarse Aggregates: Shrinkage and Creep Behavior Tawrwe et al. (1999) compared limestone aggregate with concrete rubble. They found the concrete rubble had a very high water absorption compared to the limestone aggregate (0.74% against 6.83% of dry mass). Furthermore the porous aggregate absorbed water slowly in some tests. For example, it was difficult to determine accurately the amount of water that had to be added to obtain suitable workability. The critical shrinkage of the limestone aggregate concrete was higher than the concrete rubble, but after a year the shrinkage was greater for the concrete rubble based aggregate. Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate Katz (2004) stated two methods to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates. The superplasticizer (1% weight of silica fume) was added to the solution of 10L of water and 1 kg raw silica fume to ensure proper ispersion of silica fume particles. After the silica fume impregnation, the SF treatment seems to improve significantly the compressive strength up to 51MPa at ranged from 23% to 33% at 7 days of the recycled aggregate concrete. Ultrasonic cleaning of the recycled aggregate to remove the loose particles and improve the bond between the new cement paste and the recycled aggregate, which, in turn, increased 7% of strength. Kantawong and Laksana (1998) mentioned that the fineness modulus and percentage of water absorption used instead with the recycled aggregate is higher than natural aggregate. The results of compressive strength of added reduce water admixture concrete is higher than the one that not added reduce water admixture concrete, ane the compressive strength of concrete produced that using recycled aggregate is higher than concrete using natural coarse aggregate. Sawamoto and Takehino (2000) found that the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be increased by using Pozzolanic material that can absorb the water. Mandal (2002) stated that adjusted the water/cement ratio when using recycled concrete aggregate during the concrete mixing can improved the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete specimens. From the obtained result, recycled aggregate concrete specimens had the same engineering and durability performance when compared to the concrete specimens made by natural aggregate within 28days design strength. Chen and Kuan (2003) found that the strength of the concrete specimens was affected by the unwashed recycled aggregate in the concrete. The effect will more strange at the low water cement ratio. These effects can be improved by using the washed recycled aggregate. Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Reuse as Aggregate in Concrete Production Limbachiya (2004) studied the properties of recycled aggregate compared with natural aggregates and found out the density of RCA is typically 4-8% lower and water absorption 2-6 times higher. The results showed that a reduction in slump value with increasing RCA concrete mix. The results also slowed that up to 30% coarse RCA has no effect on the standard concrete cube strength but thereafter a gradual reduction with increasing RCA content occurs. This means that some adjustment is necessary of the water/cement ratio to achieve the equivalent strength with high proportions of RCA. Review on Recycled Process This section discusses the recycling process and method. Recycling Plant Recycling plant normally located in the suburbs of cities due to the noise pollution that make by t